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Angevian Castle

Located within the historic San Erasmo medieval district of Gaeta, the Castle occupies a commanding position atop the eastern edge of Mount Orlando's rocky promontory. Embraced by the scenic expanse of the Ulises’s Coast regional park, renowned for its striking natural beauty, the Castle enjoys a setting of exceptional landscape significance.

Spanning approximately 14,100 square meters, this monumental edifice, known as the Castle of Gaeta, comprises two distinct architectural entities: the upper "Aragonese" or "Alfonsino Castle" and the lower "Angioino Castle". These structures, intricately linked by a network of observation and fortification towers, boast unique characteristics reflective of their respective historical epochs.

The upper castle, characterized by a rectangular footprint, is punctuated by cylindrical towers at three of its corners, most notably the towering northwest bastion, often referred to as the Torre di Gaeta. Within its confines lies the Royal Chapel, a testament to the grandeur of the Bourbon era, commissioned by Federico II of Bourbon in 1849.

Conversely, the lower castle exhibits an irregular polygonal form, fortified by turrets resembling truncated cones along its perimeters facing the medieval quarter and Mount Orlando. Presently, the Aragonese wing houses the Nautical School of the Guardia di Finanza, while the Angioino Castle serves as a distinguished venue for conferences and summer programs hosted by the University of Cassino and Southern Lazio. Notably, it served as the site of the Gaeta military prison until recent years.

With origins tracing back to the late 10th century, the Castle evolved significantly during the Norman period (1140-1198) before undergoing extensive fortification under the reign of Federico II of Sweden (1222-1234). Despite its destruction by order of Pope Gregory IX in 1229, it was rebuilt by the Angevins circa 1279. It was only during the tenure of Alfonso d'Aragona, commencing in 1436, that the Castle attained its status as a regal abode of opulence and grandeur. Under his patronage, it was endowed with a throne room, private quarters, a library, armory, chapel, and even a mint. Subsequent enhancements, including the construction of new towers and bastions under Charles V, bestowed upon it the imposing and enduring visage it presents today.

Gaeta

Nestled along the picturesque coastline of the Tyrrhenian Sea, Gaeta stands as a timeless jewel of Italy's Lazio region. Boasting a unique blend of historical significance and natural splendor, this enchanting city offers a captivating setting for the TERAMETANANO conference.

Etymology

The origins of the name "Gaeta" (Latin: Caiēta, Greek: Kaièta, Καϊέτα) remain shrouded in legend, with various theories proposed by ancient historians and poets.

Strabo, the ancient Greek geographer, mentioned the Gulf of Gaeta, referred to as "Καιάτα" (Kaiata) in Greek, suggesting that the name may derive from the term "καϊέτα" (caieta) used by the Laconians to denote nything hollow, possibly referring to the expansive indentation of the ulf itself. However, some accounts attribute the name to the nursemaid of Aeneas, the legendary Trojan hero.

Diodorus Siculus, a Greek historian, linked the territory of Gaeta to the myth of the Argonauts, tracing the city's name back to Aietes, the mythical father of Medea, who was enamored with Jason.

Virgil, in his epic poem the Aeneid, purported that Gaeta derived its name from Aeneas' nursemaid, Caieta, who was buried at the site during his journey to the shores of Latium. Dante Alighieri, perhaps to underscore the historicity of the Aeneid, corroborated this event in his Divine Comedy.

Other sources suggest that Gaeta may be named after Aietes, the son of the sun god Helios, whose epithet was "The Eagle." He was purportedly the brother of the renowned sorceress Circe. This moniker might have been bestowed upon the city due to its peculiar geographic structure, reminiscent of the head of this famed bird of prey.

History

Gaeta's storied past dates back thousands of years, bearing witness to the rise and fall of ancient civilizations. Originally settled by the ancient Greeks, Gaeta flourished under Roman rule, serving as a strategic port and military stronghold. Over the centuries, it became a coveted prize for various powers, including the Byzantines, Lombards, and Normans, each leaving their indelible mark on its landscape.

The city reached its zenith during the Middle Ages, when it emerged as a thriving maritime republic and a pivotal player in Mediterranean trade. Its strategic location made it a coveted prize for competing city-states, leading to centuries of conflict and conquest. The iconic Angevin-Aragonese Castle, perched atop the promontory overlooking the sea, stands as a testament to Gaeta's turbulent past and enduring resilience.

In more recent history, Gaeta played a significant role during World War II, serving as a key naval base for the Allied forces. Today, its rich historical legacy is preserved in its architectural treasures, museums, and archaeological sites, offering visitors a glimpse into the city's illustrious past.

Geography

Situated at the crossroads of land and sea, Gaeta's geography is characterized by its stunning coastal vistas, rugged cliffs, and verdant hillsides. The city is nestled at the southern end of the Lazio region, where the Apennine Mountains meet the azure waters of the Tyrrhenian Sea.

The Monte Orlando promontory, crowned by the imposing fortress of Castello di Gaeta, dominates the city's skyline and offers panoramic views of the surrounding coastline. To the west, stretches of sandy beaches and hidden coves beckon sun-seekers and nature enthusiasts alike, while to the east, the Monte Orlando Nature Reserve provides a tranquil sanctuary for hiking and exploration.

With its temperate Mediterranean climate and breathtaking scenery, Gaeta embodies the quintessential charm of coastal Italy, inviting visitors to immerse themselves in its beauty and history.

Sorceress Circe

Among the many mythical figures associated with Gaeta's rich tapestry of lore and legend, none is more captivating than the Maga Circe. Renowned in ancient Greek mythology for her enchanting powers and beguiling charms, Circe's presence looms large over the city's cultural heritage.

In Homer's epic poem, the Odyssey, Circe is depicted as a powerful sorceress who dwells on the island of Aeaea, where she transforms Odysseus' men into swine with her potions and spells. Gaeta's connection to Circe is rooted in ancient tales that weave her into the fabric of the city's history.

According to some accounts, Circe was born in Gaeta or had a significant presence in the region, drawn by the city's mystical allure and scenic splendor. Her association with the nearby island of Ponza further solidifies her ties to the Tyrrhenian Sea and the coastal landscapes that surround Gaeta.

Legends of Circe's influence in Gaeta endure to this day, with tales of her sorcery and supernatural abilities echoing through the annals of time. Whether as a symbol of enchantment or a cautionary tale of the dangers of temptation, Circe's legacy continues to fascinate and intrigue visitors to Gaeta, adding an extra layer of mystique to this enchanting coastal city.

The Maritime Republic of Gaeta

During the Middle Ages, Gaeta thrived as a powerful maritime republic. From the 10th to the 13th centuries, it commanded the Mediterranean, excelling in trade, diplomacy, and naval prowess. Its strategic location fueled economic prosperity, while its fortified walls defended against invaders. Although its influence eventually waned, Gaeta's legacy as a maritime powerhouse endures, shaping its identity to this day.

Climate

Gaeta enjoys a delightful Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers, making it an ideal destination year-round. The city's coastal location ensures refreshing sea breezes that temper the heat of summer and moderate the chill of winter, creating a comfortable and inviting atmosphere for visitors.

Summer in Gaeta is a sun-drenched affair, with long days and balmy temperatures perfect for enjoying the city's sandy beaches and crystalline waters. Average temperatures range from 23°C to 30°C (73°F to 86°F), making it ideal for swimming, sunbathing, and exploring the city's outdoor attractions. However, it's advisable to pack sunscreen and stay hydrated, as the sun's rays can be intense during peak hours.

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